ML: Psychology of vision WF-PS-NPW
1. Aim of the lecture and its justification
2. Light and its impact on human functioning
3. Characteristics of the light stimulus
3.1. Psychology of light
3.2. Impact of changing light conditions on the level of transport safety
4. Forming a visual image in the brain.
4.1. Characteristics of visual receptors
5. Eye and cerebral visual cortex
6. Central and peripheral visual information processing
7. Human operator perception
8. Visual perceptual activities
9. Gibson's Ecological Perception Theory
10. Perception functions and actions
11. Eye movements
11.1 Saccades and fixation movements of the eye
12. Visual search in air and road transport
13. Mechanisms of visual attention
14. Selecting visual information
15. The concept of visual attention
15.1. Treisman and Gelade model
15.2. Posner's model
15.4 Findlay and Walker model
15.5. Fischer model
15.6. Model Itti / Koch
16. Scientific research in the field of perception of vision in air and road transport
The presence of light is a necessary condition of vision that is initiated as a result of stimulation of the human retina by electromagnetic radiation in the form of light. Its most important function is the ability to distinguish darkness from brightness, recognize the movement and shapes of objects along with their color and determine the distance of objects from the eye. According to today's knowledge of light, they can be referred to as the visible spectrum or visible part of electromagnetic radiation, or in a broader sense light can be called optical radiation, containing not only visible band but also adjacent bands. (Amorim, R., et al. 2016).
Light is therefore a form of radiation that is measured in wavelengths. The range of wavelengths received by humans is in turn relatively narrow.
Precise determination of the range of visibility is difficult, because vision is an individual property of a person (like many other abilities), hence it is generalized that the visible band is up to 380-780 nm (nanometer is one billionth of a meter, or one millionth of a millimeter), (Lukovic , Lukovic, Brca, Kasalica, Stanimirovic and Vicic, 2016) although a slightly different range is often given, i.e. 400-700 nm or 390 -750 (Kretzberg and Ernst, 2013). Vision becomes possible when there is emission of light in the visible spectrum and its source is located outside. To be seen, objects should be a source of light, but more often they are its reflection (Dusenbery, 1992). Special emphasis on the external aspect of the level of lighting, although it seems obvious, refers to historical attempts to explain this phenomenon. For example, Plato thought that seeing consists in emitting light particles from the eye and illuminating the nearest surroundings. Currently, this phenomenon is called the theory of visual extramination and it originates precisely in the views of Plato, who believed that fire emanates from human eyes and somehow mixes with daylight (Lindberg, 1976).
The occurrence of various sayings regarding the eyes in Polish emphasizes their outstanding role in human contact with the outside world, e.g. "falcon eyesight" or "what from the eyes is from the heart" or "truth in the eyes of the wheel." Referring to the issue of lack of light there is the saying " dark, though the eye is a mock. "A very quick assessment of the situation is expressed in the phrase" take a look "and peripheral vision" look out of the corner of the eye. " In Anglo-Saxon psychology, the term "gist" is used to describe a quick look while understanding the heart of the situation, which has no equivalent in Polish, but the phrase "recognizing something in the blink of an eye" reflects the meaning of the word. The ability to peripheral vision is in turn determined to see something out of the corner of the eye. "However, the issues of single-color vision at night are illustrated by the saying" at night all cats are gray. "All these terms prove that light is one of the most important natural resources available to man. So we are largely dependent on the collected visual information Deterioration of vision leads to dramatic consequences in the form of traffic accidents and incidents (Thorslund, Strand, 2016).
The reception of light is associated with the brain interpretation of various stimulations appearing in the field of view, e.g. in the form of objects or perceptual scenes. The images that a person builds in his mind depend on the impact of objective factors, such as the level of illumination of the object, its structure and colors, combined with subjective factors, i.e. experience, mood or culture in which a person grew up. Changes in the lighting of rooms bring significant changes in human responses. It is possible for example the impression of spaciousness in a small room or a sense of privacy, pleasure and relaxation. (Tomassoni et al. 2015). Flynn (1973) showed that people prefer a relatively darker part of the room while they relax, while the work is done in a better-lit part. Contemporary civilization has created conditions for human activity throughout the day. However, this is not a natural situation. In the past, work was almost entirely related to daytime. We experience color vision in order to better recognize objects and their meaning in visual space, in order to be able to move around in the best possible way and internalize them best (Mollon, Bowmaker and Jacobs, 1984). . One study found that rapidly changing colors are indeed capable of automatically attracting attention. However, it remains unclear what other factors besides color and movement have the property of attracting visual attention (Findlay, 2005; McSorley and Findlay, 2001). Prolonged physical absence of light or its permanent deficiency usually causes depressive symptoms in the form of e.g. seasonal affective disorders occurring in late autumn and winter (Bereza, 2009). The introduction of intentional light deprivation has negative effects on the human psyche from a neuropsychiatric perspective. This method was used as a sophisticated torture to cause loneliness and vulnerability (Solomon et al., 1961), as well as a kind of severe punishment for disobedience. Darkness can also cause changes in attitudes, because people get, often deceptively, a sense of anonymity and behave in a reprehensible way. (lit) However, darkness also has positive aspects. By contrasting with brightness, overlapping and intersection of different light intensities, the night can create the impression of shading and depth perspective.
From the point of view of the psychology of transport, man moves in space thanks to light, which enables him to navigate safely in the outside world, bypassing obstacles, making discoveries and acquiring new experiences.
In the case of both pilot and car driver work, one of the biggest challenges they face is the need to maintain high perception efficiency in dusk and night conditions. Reduced lighting levels, both in military and civil aviation, are a common cause of aviation accidents (Guohua and Baker, 2007; Spirkovska and Lodha, 2002). The mission of a military helicopter pilot at night imposes a very significant burden on him, especially with regard to his eyesight. It carries the danger of a possible attack of the opponent, the risk of colliding with obstacles that are hardly visible or in the extreme situation completely invisible. The combat task of a military pilot is additionally associated with the need to identify targets, and sometimes you should simultaneously follow them. From a physiological point of view, even momentary illumination of the field of view may be sufficient for the pilot's visual system to obtain partial information on the external environment. However, such selective perceptual sampling can lead to errors and hence incorrect assessment of the pilot situation. Target detection is directly related to flight missions. However, sight has its limitations such as relatively short range, large individual differences and poor efficiency at dusk and at night or in the clouds. Visual acuity increases with the increase in the amount of light but it only happens to the level of about 1000 candelas per square meter, and then decreases (Kniestedt, Stamper, 2003). Driving a car, like piloting an aircraft, is definitely more risky at night and at dusk than during the day. Although e.g. the volume of road traffic at night is four times lower than during the day, the number of road accidents is more or less the same (Bąk-Gajda and Bąk, 2010). Accidents involving vehicles and pedestrians are over-represented at night, and poor visibility issues are a key factor. Research shows that with a decrease in the level of lighting, there are four changes in the process of vision and visual attention: an increase in the minimum contrast necessary for object detection, an increase in response time
(in Polish) E-Learning
Subject level
Learning outcome code/codes
Course coordinators
Learning outcomes
Students should demonstrate a good level of initial knowledge in the field of perception of vision and be interested in this topic. It will also be important to be able to debate with the lecturer about theoretical foundations and practical applications of issues related to the role of visual perception and the practical implications arising from it. You will also need to prepare competent Power Point presentations covering various aspects of human perceptive behavior in transport-related situations.
Knowledge - the student lists and describes the main theoretical currents and research paradigms related to the psychology of perception; identifies the most important issues, indicates research results justifying particular theoretical positions; knows and understands what is the analysis and interpretation of perceptual behaviors associated with different levels of lighting; knows and understands the importance of the proper functioning of perception in connection with air and road transport.
Skills - the student is able to choose appropriate techniques for testing and assessing the efficiency of perceptual functions; is able to interpret scientific texts of empirical articles; knows how to search and select sources that will be used to enrich his knowledge and skills.
Competences - strives for scientific and compliant methodology for collecting empirical data, maintains criticism of existing interpretations of phenomena that are not justified by empirical research, as well as is aware of the research restrictions existing in psychology of perception, especially in air and road transport.
credits:
participation in the lecture:
30collecting data and preparing a comparative analysis of various theoretical trends in psychology of perception: 30
preparation for the exam (together with compulsory reading): 60
Total hours: 120 [120: 30 = 4] NUMBER OF ECTS: 4
Assessment criteria
Criteria: Knowledge (PS_W02, PS_W04):
- for grade 2 (unsatisfactory.): the student does not know and does not understand what is the difference in human perception in different lighting conditions (day, dusk and night), does not know and does not understand the specifics of central and peripheral vision and their functions, does not distinguish basic methods of studying human perception, can not combine a specific research approach with its theoretical foundations and describe the practical applications of vision perception in everyday life, as well as in air and road transport
- for grade 3 (satisfactory): the student identifies and interprets human perceptive behavior in different lighting conditions (day, dusk and night), knows and understands the specificity of central and peripheral vision and their functions, distinguishes between basic methods of studying human perception, is able to combine specific research approach with its theoretical foundations and describe the practical applications of vision perception in everyday life, as well as in air and road transport. However, it requires assistance from the teacher.
- 4 (good): the student identifies and interprets human perceptive behavior in different lighting conditions (day, dusk and night), knows and understands the specificity of central and peripheral vision and their functions, distinguishes between basic methods of studying human perception, can combine specific research approach with its theoretical foundations and describe the practical application of vision perception in everyday life, as well as in air and road transport.
- 5 (very good):
student perfectly identifies and interprets human perceptive behavior in different lighting conditions (day, dusk and night), knows and understands the specificity of central and peripheral vision and their functions very well, and distinguishes between basic methods of studying human perception, is able to perfectly combine a specific research approach its theoretical foundations and describe the practical application of vision perception in everyday life, as well as in air and road transport.
Skills (PS_U03, PS_U04, PS_U05):
- for grade 2 (inadequate): the student is unable to distinguish between methods of measuring human perception in different lighting conditions, misinterprets the results obtained using them, incorrectly classifies selected types of perceptual activities in relation to central or peripheral vision. Badly recognizes the main causes of accidents in air and road transport related to changing lighting conditions.
- for grade 3 (dst.):
- student is able to distinguish between appropriate methods of measuring human perception in different lighting conditions, correctly interprets the results obtained with their help, correctly classifies selected types of perceptual activities in relation to central or peripheral vision. Recognizes the main causes of accidents in air and road transport related to changing lighting conditions, but requires support from the teacher.
- 4 (good)
- the student is able to distinguish between appropriate methods of measuring human perception in different lighting conditions, interprets the results obtained with their help well and independently classifies selected types of perceptual activities in relation to central or peripheral vision. It recognizes well the main causes of accidents in air and road transport related to changing lighting conditions
- for grade 5 (very good):
- the student can very well distinguish methods of measuring human perception in different lighting conditions and interpret the results obtained for their help. It independently and very accurately classifies selected types of perceptual activities in relation to central or peripheral vision. It recognizes very well the main causes of accidents in air and road transport related to changing lighting conditions
The final grade consists of:
1. Assessment of the semester exam
2. Assessment of activity during classes
Two absences per semester are allowed. Excessive absences must be made up in the form agreed with the teacher before the scheduled date of the semester exam. If you do not work out, you will not be allowed to take the exam. The semester test has a written form and contains open-ended questions that require solutions to problems. The condition of passing the exam is to obtain a minimum of 60% of points. The final grade is the grade from the semester exam, which can be increased by 0.5 or 1 grade if the student receives the appropriate number of points for activity during the classes.
Practical placement
without apprenticeships
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